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A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies

Identifieur interne : 000784 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000783; suivant : 000785

A standard calculation methodology for human doubly labeled water studies

Auteurs : John R. Speakman [République populaire de Chine, Royaume-Uni] ; Yosuke Yamada [Japon] ; Hiroyuki Sagayama [Japon] ; Elena S. F. Berman [États-Unis] ; Philip N. Ainslie [Royaume-Uni] ; Lene F. Andersen [Norvège] ; Liam J. Anderson [Royaume-Uni] ; Lenore Arab [États-Unis] ; Issaad Baddou [Maroc] ; Kweku Bedu-Addo [Ghana] ; Ellen E. Blaak [Pays-Bas] ; Stephane Blanc [États-Unis, France] ; Alberto G. Bonomi [Pays-Bas] ; Carlijn V. C. Bouten [Pays-Bas] ; Pascal Bovet [Suisse] ; Maciej S. Buchowski [États-Unis] ; Nancy F. Butte [États-Unis] ; Stefan G. J. A. Camps [Pays-Bas] ; Graeme L. Close [Royaume-Uni] ; Jamie A. Cooper [États-Unis] ; Seth A. Creasy [États-Unis] ; Sai Krupa Das [États-Unis] ; Richard Cooper [États-Unis] ; Lara R. Dugas [États-Unis] ; Cara B. Ebbeling [États-Unis] ; Ulf Ekelund [Norvège] ; Sonja Entringer [Allemagne, États-Unis] ; Terrence Forrester [Jamaïque] ; Barry W. Fudge [Royaume-Uni] ; Annelies H. Goris [Pays-Bas] ; Michael Gurven [États-Unis] ; Catherine Hambly [Royaume-Uni] ; Asmaa El Hamdouchi [Maroc] ; Marije B. Hoos [Pays-Bas] ; Sumei Hu [République populaire de Chine] ; Noorjehan Joonas ; Annemiek M. Joosen [Pays-Bas] ; Peter Katzmarzyk [États-Unis] ; Kitty P. Kempen [Pays-Bas] ; Misaka Kimura [Japon] ; William E. Kraus [États-Unis] ; Robert F. Kushner [États-Unis] ; Estelle V. Lambert [Afrique du Sud] ; William R. Leonard [États-Unis] ; Nader Lessan [Royaume-Uni] ; David S. Ludwig [États-Unis] ; Corby K. Martin [États-Unis] ; Anine C. Medin [Norvège] ; Erwin P. Meijer [Pays-Bas] ; James C. Morehen [Royaume-Uni] ; James P. Morton [Royaume-Uni] ; Marian L. Neuhouser [États-Unis] ; Theresa A. Nicklas [États-Unis] ; Robert M. Ojiambo [Kenya, Rwanda] ; Kirsi H. Pietil Inen [Finlande] ; Yannis P. Pitsiladis [Royaume-Uni] ; Jacob Plange-Rhule [Ghana] ; Guy Plasqui [Pays-Bas] ; Ross L. Prentice [États-Unis] ; Roberto A. Rabinovich [Royaume-Uni] ; Susan B. Racette [États-Unis] ; David A. Raichlen [États-Unis] ; Eric Ravussin [États-Unis] ; Rebecca M. Reynolds [Royaume-Uni] ; Susan B. Roberts [États-Unis] ; Albertine J. Schuit [Pays-Bas] ; Anders M. Sjödin [Danemark] ; Eric Stice [États-Unis] ; Samuel S. Urlacher [États-Unis] ; Giulio Valenti [Pays-Bas] ; Ludo M. Van Etten [Pays-Bas] ; Edgar A. Van Mil [Pays-Bas] ; Jonathan C. K. Wells [Royaume-Uni] ; George Wilson [Royaume-Uni] ; Brian M. Wood [États-Unis, Allemagne] ; Jack Yanovski [États-Unis] ; Tsukasa Yoshida [Japon] ; Xueying Zhang [République populaire de Chine, Royaume-Uni] ; Alexia J. Murphy-Alford [Autriche] ; Cornelia U. Loechl [Autriche] ; Edward L. Melanson [États-Unis] ; Amy H. Luke [États-Unis] ; Herman Pontzer [États-Unis] ; Jennifer Rood [États-Unis] ; Dale A. Schoeller [États-Unis] ; Klaas R. Westerterp [Pays-Bas] ; William W. Wong [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:7897799

Abstract

Summary

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living subjects. Several equations are used to convert isotopic data into TEE. Using the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database (5,756 measurements of adults and children), we show considerable variability is introduced by different equations. The estimated rCO2 is sensitive to the dilution space ratio (DSR) of the two isotopes. Based on performance in validation studies, we propose a new equation based on a new estimate of the mean DSR. The DSR is lower at low body masses (<10 kg). Using data for 1,021 babies and infants, we show that the DSR varies non-linearly with body mass between 0 and 10 kg. Using this relationship to predict DSR from weight provides an equation for rCO2 over this size range that agrees well with indirect calorimetry (average difference 0.64%; SD = 12.2%). We propose adoption of these equations in future studies.


Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100203
PubMed: 33665639
PubMed Central: 7897799


Affiliations:

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<name sortKey="Cooper, Richard" sort="Cooper, Richard" uniqKey="Cooper R" first="Richard" last="Cooper">Richard Cooper</name>
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<name sortKey="Dugas, Lara R" sort="Dugas, Lara R" uniqKey="Dugas L" first="Lara R." last="Dugas">Lara R. Dugas</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff27">Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
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<name sortKey="Goris, Annelies H" sort="Goris, Annelies H" uniqKey="Goris A" first="Annelies H." last="Goris">Annelies H. Goris</name>
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<name sortKey="Gurven, Michael" sort="Gurven, Michael" uniqKey="Gurven M" first="Michael" last="Gurven">Michael Gurven</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff32">Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
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<name sortKey="Hambly, Catherine" sort="Hambly, Catherine" uniqKey="Hambly C" first="Catherine" last="Hambly">Catherine Hambly</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</nlm:aff>
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<name sortKey="El Hamdouchi, Asmaa" sort="El Hamdouchi, Asmaa" uniqKey="El Hamdouchi A" first="Asmaa" last="El Hamdouchi">Asmaa El Hamdouchi</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Maroc</country>
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<name sortKey="Hoos, Marije B" sort="Hoos, Marije B" uniqKey="Hoos M" first="Marije B." last="Hoos">Marije B. Hoos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hu, Sumei" sort="Hu, Sumei" uniqKey="Hu S" first="Sumei" last="Hu">Sumei Hu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Joonas, Noorjehan" sort="Joonas, Noorjehan" uniqKey="Joonas N" first="Noorjehan" last="Joonas">Noorjehan Joonas</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff33">Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Mauritius</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Joosen, Annemiek M" sort="Joosen, Annemiek M" uniqKey="Joosen A" first="Annemiek M." last="Joosen">Annemiek M. Joosen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Katzmarzyk, Peter" sort="Katzmarzyk, Peter" uniqKey="Katzmarzyk P" first="Peter" last="Katzmarzyk">Peter Katzmarzyk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kempen, Kitty P" sort="Kempen, Kitty P" uniqKey="Kempen K" first="Kitty P." last="Kempen">Kitty P. Kempen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kimura, Misaka" sort="Kimura, Misaka" uniqKey="Kimura M" first="Misaka" last="Kimura">Misaka Kimura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kraus, William E" sort="Kraus, William E" uniqKey="Kraus W" first="William E." last="Kraus">William E. Kraus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff35">Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kushner, Robert F" sort="Kushner, Robert F" uniqKey="Kushner R" first="Robert F." last="Kushner">Robert F. Kushner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff36">Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Northwestern University, Chicago, IL</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lambert, Estelle V" sort="Lambert, Estelle V" uniqKey="Lambert E" first="Estelle V." last="Lambert">Estelle V. Lambert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff37">Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leonard, William R" sort="Leonard, William R" uniqKey="Leonard W" first="William R." last="Leonard">William R. Leonard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lessan, Nader" sort="Lessan, Nader" uniqKey="Lessan N" first="Nader" last="Lessan">Nader Lessan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff39">Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ludwig, David S" sort="Ludwig, David S" uniqKey="Ludwig D" first="David S." last="Ludwig">David S. Ludwig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, Corby K" sort="Martin, Corby K" uniqKey="Martin C" first="Corby K." last="Martin">Corby K. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Medin, Anine C" sort="Medin, Anine C" uniqKey="Medin A" first="Anine C." last="Medin">Anine C. Medin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff40">Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meijer, Erwin P" sort="Meijer, Erwin P" uniqKey="Meijer E" first="Erwin P." last="Meijer">Erwin P. Meijer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morehen, James C" sort="Morehen, James C" uniqKey="Morehen J" first="James C." last="Morehen">James C. Morehen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff41">The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morton, James P" sort="Morton, James P" uniqKey="Morton J" first="James P." last="Morton">James P. Morton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neuhouser, Marian L" sort="Neuhouser, Marian L" uniqKey="Neuhouser M" first="Marian L." last="Neuhouser">Marian L. Neuhouser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff42">Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nicklas, Theresa A" sort="Nicklas, Theresa A" uniqKey="Nicklas T" first="Theresa A." last="Nicklas">Theresa A. Nicklas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff22">Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ojiambo, Robert M" sort="Ojiambo, Robert M" uniqKey="Ojiambo R" first="Robert M." last="Ojiambo">Robert M. Ojiambo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff43">Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff44">University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Rwanda</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Global Health Equity, Kigali</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pietil Inen, Kirsi H" sort="Pietil Inen, Kirsi H" uniqKey="Pietil Inen K" first="Kirsi H." last="Pietil Inen">Kirsi H. Pietil Inen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff45">Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pitsiladis, Yannis P" sort="Pitsiladis, Yannis P" uniqKey="Pitsiladis Y" first="Yannis P." last="Pitsiladis">Yannis P. Pitsiladis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff46">University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Brighton, Eastbourne</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plange Rhule, Jacob" sort="Plange Rhule, Jacob" uniqKey="Plange Rhule J" first="Jacob" last="Plange-Rhule">Jacob Plange-Rhule</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff47">Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plasqui, Guy" sort="Plasqui, Guy" uniqKey="Plasqui G" first="Guy" last="Plasqui">Guy Plasqui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff48">Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prentice, Ross L" sort="Prentice, Ross L" uniqKey="Prentice R" first="Ross L." last="Prentice">Ross L. Prentice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff42">Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rabinovich, Roberto A" sort="Rabinovich, Roberto A" uniqKey="Rabinovich R" first="Roberto A." last="Rabinovich">Roberto A. Rabinovich</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff49">University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Racette, Susan B" sort="Racette, Susan B" uniqKey="Racette S" first="Susan B." last="Racette">Susan B. Racette</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raichlen, David A" sort="Raichlen, David A" uniqKey="Raichlen D" first="David A." last="Raichlen">David A. Raichlen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff50">Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ravussin, Eric" sort="Ravussin, Eric" uniqKey="Ravussin E" first="Eric" last="Ravussin">Eric Ravussin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reynolds, Rebecca M" sort="Reynolds, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Reynolds R" first="Rebecca M." last="Reynolds">Rebecca M. Reynolds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff51">Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roberts, Susan B" sort="Roberts, Susan B" uniqKey="Roberts S" first="Susan B." last="Roberts">Susan B. Roberts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schuit, Albertine J" sort="Schuit, Albertine J" uniqKey="Schuit A" first="Albertine J." last="Schuit">Albertine J. Schuit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff52">University of Tilburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Tilburg, Tilburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sjodin, Anders M" sort="Sjodin, Anders M" uniqKey="Sjodin A" first="Anders M." last="Sjödin">Anders M. Sjödin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff53">Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stice, Eric" sort="Stice, Eric" uniqKey="Stice E" first="Eric" last="Stice">Eric Stice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff54">Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stanford University, Stanford, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Urlacher, Samuel S" sort="Urlacher, Samuel S" uniqKey="Urlacher S" first="Samuel S." last="Urlacher">Samuel S. Urlacher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff55">Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Valenti, Giulio" sort="Valenti, Giulio" uniqKey="Valenti G" first="Giulio" last="Valenti">Giulio Valenti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Etten, Ludo M" sort="Van Etten, Ludo M" uniqKey="Van Etten L" first="Ludo M." last="Van Etten">Ludo M. Van Etten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Mil, Edgar A" sort="Van Mil, Edgar A" uniqKey="Van Mil E" first="Edgar A." last="Van Mil">Edgar A. Van Mil</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff56">Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital’s-Hertogenbosch, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital’s-Hertogenbosch, Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wells, Jonathan C K" sort="Wells, Jonathan C K" uniqKey="Wells J" first="Jonathan C. K." last="Wells">Jonathan C. K. Wells</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff57">Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, George" sort="Wilson, George" uniqKey="Wilson G" first="George" last="Wilson">George Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wood, Brian M" sort="Wood, Brian M" uniqKey="Wood B" first="Brian M." last="Wood">Brian M. Wood</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff58">University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff59">Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yanovski, Jack" sort="Yanovski, Jack" uniqKey="Yanovski J" first="Jack" last="Yanovski">Jack Yanovski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff60">Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yoshida, Tsukasa" sort="Yoshida, Tsukasa" uniqKey="Yoshida T" first="Tsukasa" last="Yoshida">Tsukasa Yoshida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Xueying" sort="Zhang, Xueying" uniqKey="Zhang X" first="Xueying" last="Zhang">Xueying Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murphy Alford, Alexia J" sort="Murphy Alford, Alexia J" uniqKey="Murphy Alford A" first="Alexia J." last="Murphy-Alford">Alexia J. Murphy-Alford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff61">Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Loechl, Cornelia U" sort="Loechl, Cornelia U" uniqKey="Loechl C" first="Cornelia U." last="Loechl">Cornelia U. Loechl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff61">Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
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<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
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<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:aff id="aff16">Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
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<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
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<nlm:aff id="aff16">Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA</nlm:aff>
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<nlm:aff id="aff23">Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschulz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<name sortKey="Cooper, Richard" sort="Cooper, Richard" uniqKey="Cooper R" first="Richard" last="Cooper">Richard Cooper</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff25">Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL</wicri:regionArea>
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<nlm:aff id="aff25">Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Ebbeling, Cara B" sort="Ebbeling, Cara B" uniqKey="Ebbeling C" first="Cara B." last="Ebbeling">Cara B. Ebbeling</name>
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<name sortKey="Ekelund, Ulf" sort="Ekelund, Ulf" uniqKey="Ekelund U" first="Ulf" last="Ekelund">Ulf Ekelund</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
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<name sortKey="Entringer, Sonja" sort="Entringer, Sonja" uniqKey="Entringer S" first="Sonja" last="Entringer">Sonja Entringer</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1">
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</author>
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<name sortKey="Fudge, Barry W" sort="Fudge, Barry W" uniqKey="Fudge B" first="Barry W." last="Fudge">Barry W. Fudge</name>
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</author>
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<name sortKey="Goris, Annelies H" sort="Goris, Annelies H" uniqKey="Goris A" first="Annelies H." last="Goris">Annelies H. Goris</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gurven, Michael" sort="Gurven, Michael" uniqKey="Gurven M" first="Michael" last="Gurven">Michael Gurven</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff32">Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hambly, Catherine" sort="Hambly, Catherine" uniqKey="Hambly C" first="Catherine" last="Hambly">Catherine Hambly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="El Hamdouchi, Asmaa" sort="El Hamdouchi, Asmaa" uniqKey="El Hamdouchi A" first="Asmaa" last="El Hamdouchi">Asmaa El Hamdouchi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN- Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Maroc</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN- Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hoos, Marije B" sort="Hoos, Marije B" uniqKey="Hoos M" first="Marije B." last="Hoos">Marije B. Hoos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hu, Sumei" sort="Hu, Sumei" uniqKey="Hu S" first="Sumei" last="Hu">Sumei Hu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Joonas, Noorjehan" sort="Joonas, Noorjehan" uniqKey="Joonas N" first="Noorjehan" last="Joonas">Noorjehan Joonas</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff33">Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Mauritius</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Joosen, Annemiek M" sort="Joosen, Annemiek M" uniqKey="Joosen A" first="Annemiek M." last="Joosen">Annemiek M. Joosen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Katzmarzyk, Peter" sort="Katzmarzyk, Peter" uniqKey="Katzmarzyk P" first="Peter" last="Katzmarzyk">Peter Katzmarzyk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kempen, Kitty P" sort="Kempen, Kitty P" uniqKey="Kempen K" first="Kitty P." last="Kempen">Kitty P. Kempen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kimura, Misaka" sort="Kimura, Misaka" uniqKey="Kimura M" first="Misaka" last="Kimura">Misaka Kimura</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff6">Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kraus, William E" sort="Kraus, William E" uniqKey="Kraus W" first="William E." last="Kraus">William E. Kraus</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff35">Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kushner, Robert F" sort="Kushner, Robert F" uniqKey="Kushner R" first="Robert F." last="Kushner">Robert F. Kushner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff36">Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Northwestern University, Chicago, IL</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lambert, Estelle V" sort="Lambert, Estelle V" uniqKey="Lambert E" first="Estelle V." last="Lambert">Estelle V. Lambert</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff37">Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leonard, William R" sort="Leonard, William R" uniqKey="Leonard W" first="William R." last="Leonard">William R. Leonard</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff38">Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lessan, Nader" sort="Lessan, Nader" uniqKey="Lessan N" first="Nader" last="Lessan">Nader Lessan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff39">Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Imperial College London Diabetes Centre, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ludwig, David S" sort="Ludwig, David S" uniqKey="Ludwig D" first="David S." last="Ludwig">David S. Ludwig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff26">Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, Corby K" sort="Martin, Corby K" uniqKey="Martin C" first="Corby K." last="Martin">Corby K. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Medin, Anine C" sort="Medin, Anine C" uniqKey="Medin A" first="Anine C." last="Medin">Anine C. Medin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff10">Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff40">Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meijer, Erwin P" sort="Meijer, Erwin P" uniqKey="Meijer E" first="Erwin P." last="Meijer">Erwin P. Meijer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morehen, James C" sort="Morehen, James C" uniqKey="Morehen J" first="James C." last="Morehen">James C. Morehen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff41">The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The FA Group, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Morton, James P" sort="Morton, James P" uniqKey="Morton J" first="James P." last="Morton">James P. Morton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neuhouser, Marian L" sort="Neuhouser, Marian L" uniqKey="Neuhouser M" first="Marian L." last="Neuhouser">Marian L. Neuhouser</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff42">Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nicklas, Theresa A" sort="Nicklas, Theresa A" uniqKey="Nicklas T" first="Theresa A." last="Nicklas">Theresa A. Nicklas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff22">Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ojiambo, Robert M" sort="Ojiambo, Robert M" uniqKey="Ojiambo R" first="Robert M." last="Ojiambo">Robert M. Ojiambo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff43">Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moi University, Eldoret</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff44">University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Rwanda</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Global Health Equity, Kigali</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pietil Inen, Kirsi H" sort="Pietil Inen, Kirsi H" uniqKey="Pietil Inen K" first="Kirsi H." last="Pietil Inen">Kirsi H. Pietil Inen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff45">Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pitsiladis, Yannis P" sort="Pitsiladis, Yannis P" uniqKey="Pitsiladis Y" first="Yannis P." last="Pitsiladis">Yannis P. Pitsiladis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff46">University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Brighton, Eastbourne</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plange Rhule, Jacob" sort="Plange Rhule, Jacob" uniqKey="Plange Rhule J" first="Jacob" last="Plange-Rhule">Jacob Plange-Rhule</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff47">Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Plasqui, Guy" sort="Plasqui, Guy" uniqKey="Plasqui G" first="Guy" last="Plasqui">Guy Plasqui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff48">Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prentice, Ross L" sort="Prentice, Ross L" uniqKey="Prentice R" first="Ross L." last="Prentice">Ross L. Prentice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff42">Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rabinovich, Roberto A" sort="Rabinovich, Roberto A" uniqKey="Rabinovich R" first="Roberto A." last="Rabinovich">Roberto A. Rabinovich</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff49">University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Racette, Susan B" sort="Racette, Susan B" uniqKey="Racette S" first="Susan B." last="Racette">Susan B. Racette</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raichlen, David A" sort="Raichlen, David A" uniqKey="Raichlen D" first="David A." last="Raichlen">David A. Raichlen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff50">Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ravussin, Eric" sort="Ravussin, Eric" uniqKey="Ravussin E" first="Eric" last="Ravussin">Eric Ravussin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Reynolds, Rebecca M" sort="Reynolds, Rebecca M" uniqKey="Reynolds R" first="Rebecca M." last="Reynolds">Rebecca M. Reynolds</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff51">Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Roberts, Susan B" sort="Roberts, Susan B" uniqKey="Roberts S" first="Susan B." last="Roberts">Susan B. Roberts</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff24">Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schuit, Albertine J" sort="Schuit, Albertine J" uniqKey="Schuit A" first="Albertine J." last="Schuit">Albertine J. Schuit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff52">University of Tilburg, Tilburg, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of Tilburg, Tilburg</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sjodin, Anders M" sort="Sjodin, Anders M" uniqKey="Sjodin A" first="Anders M." last="Sjödin">Anders M. Sjödin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff53">Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stice, Eric" sort="Stice, Eric" uniqKey="Stice E" first="Eric" last="Stice">Eric Stice</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff54">Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Stanford University, Stanford, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Urlacher, Samuel S" sort="Urlacher, Samuel S" uniqKey="Urlacher S" first="Samuel S." last="Urlacher">Samuel S. Urlacher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff55">Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Valenti, Giulio" sort="Valenti, Giulio" uniqKey="Valenti G" first="Giulio" last="Valenti">Giulio Valenti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Etten, Ludo M" sort="Van Etten, Ludo M" uniqKey="Van Etten L" first="Ludo M." last="Van Etten">Ludo M. Van Etten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Mil, Edgar A" sort="Van Mil, Edgar A" uniqKey="Van Mil E" first="Edgar A." last="Van Mil">Edgar A. Van Mil</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff56">Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital’s-Hertogenbosch, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital’s-Hertogenbosch, Maastricht University, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wells, Jonathan C K" sort="Wells, Jonathan C K" uniqKey="Wells J" first="Jonathan C. K." last="Wells">Jonathan C. K. Wells</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff57">Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, George" sort="Wilson, George" uniqKey="Wilson G" first="George" last="Wilson">George Wilson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wood, Brian M" sort="Wood, Brian M" uniqKey="Wood B" first="Brian M." last="Wood">Brian M. Wood</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff58">University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff59">Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yanovski, Jack" sort="Yanovski, Jack" uniqKey="Yanovski J" first="Jack" last="Yanovski">Jack Yanovski</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff60">Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yoshida, Tsukasa" sort="Yoshida, Tsukasa" uniqKey="Yoshida T" first="Tsukasa" last="Yoshida">Tsukasa Yoshida</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Xueying" sort="Zhang, Xueying" uniqKey="Zhang X" first="Xueying" last="Zhang">Xueying Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Murphy Alford, Alexia J" sort="Murphy Alford, Alexia J" uniqKey="Murphy Alford A" first="Alexia J." last="Murphy-Alford">Alexia J. Murphy-Alford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff61">Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Loechl, Cornelia U" sort="Loechl, Cornelia U" uniqKey="Loechl C" first="Cornelia U." last="Loechl">Cornelia U. Loechl</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff61">Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Melanson, Edward L" sort="Melanson, Edward L" uniqKey="Melanson E" first="Edward L." last="Melanson">Edward L. Melanson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff23">Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschulz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschulz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff62">Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff63">Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Luke, Amy H" sort="Luke, Amy H" uniqKey="Luke A" first="Amy H." last="Luke">Amy H. Luke</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff64">Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pontzer, Herman" sort="Pontzer, Herman" uniqKey="Pontzer H" first="Herman" last="Pontzer">Herman Pontzer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff65">Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff66">Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rood, Jennifer" sort="Rood, Jennifer" uniqKey="Rood J" first="Jennifer" last="Rood">Jennifer Rood</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff34">Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schoeller, Dale A" sort="Schoeller, Dale A" uniqKey="Schoeller D" first="Dale A." last="Schoeller">Dale A. Schoeller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff67">Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Westerterp, Klaas R" sort="Westerterp, Klaas R" uniqKey="Westerterp K" first="Klaas R." last="Westerterp">Klaas R. Westerterp</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff68">School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, University of Maastricht, Maastricht</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wong, William W" sort="Wong, William W" uniqKey="Wong W" first="William W." last="Wong">William W. Wong</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff22">Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Cell Reports Medicine</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2666-3791</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2021">2021</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<title>Summary</title>
<p>The doubly labeled water (DLW) method measures total energy expenditure (TEE) in free-living subjects. Several equations are used to convert isotopic data into TEE. Using the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) DLW database (5,756 measurements of adults and children), we show considerable variability is introduced by different equations. The estimated rCO
<sub>2</sub>
is sensitive to the dilution space ratio (DSR) of the two isotopes. Based on performance in validation studies, we propose a new equation based on a new estimate of the mean DSR. The DSR is lower at low body masses (<10 kg). Using data for 1,021 babies and infants, we show that the DSR varies non-linearly with body mass between 0 and 10 kg. Using this relationship to predict DSR from weight provides an equation for rCO
<sub>2</sub>
over this size range that agrees well with indirect calorimetry (average difference 0.64%; SD = 12.2%). We propose adoption of these equations in future studies.</p>
</div>
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